[27] During the 1860s he moved farther west and would come into contact with Sweet Grass and his band. [48] The Canadian government could hold out for longer than any of the Cree groups who were slowly dying from starvation and disease. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. 1876 - 1883: Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strike him on the back), 1920 - 1924: Harry Atcheynum (Son of Strike him on the back), 1925 - 1964: Sam Swimmer (Son of Yellow Mud) Last hereditary Chief, For a summary for our History in brief, find it on the Battleford's Agency Tribal Chief's Website at www.batc.ca/sweetgrass/, P.O. [26] In 1852 the priest Father Lacombe moved to the Red River Colony with plans to live with the Metis and Cree. There were many subsequent adhesions to the treaty by . [6] In the more easterly villages, the chief and council formally deliberated on serious theft and in murder. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. He ventured into the Blackfoot territory, completely alone with the goal of capturing a herd of horses. Young men would attach themselves to a hunter or warrior that they admired and followed or shadowed them in performing tasks. The ceremony ended with dancing, drums, and singing of the men and women in the background (. Once the amendments were made to the treaty text, negotiations came to a close. To the Canadian delegation, the only legally binding contracts were what was written into the treaty. Its used to categorize all Indigenous Peoples from across Canada as one big homogenized group. Siksika (Blackfoot) is the language of Siksika Nation. The same significant ceremony of the pipe stem opened the meeting with the participants on September 7, 1876. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. Fearing starvation and unrest, many of the initially hesitant chiefs signed adhesions to the treaty in the years to come, including Minahikosis (who signed in July 1879) and Mistahimaskwa (who signed on 8 December 1882 at Fort Walsh). However, he was too late; the treaty had already been signed. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. [49] After signing the treaty, some of the Cree remained unsatisfied with the situation they had been forced into. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Created in 1993, the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations represents the various band governments of Treaty 6. On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. While a chief, Sweet Grass noticed the starvation and economic hardship the Cree were facing. Treaty 6 was signed by the commissioners and the head chiefs of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876. [34] whoever was responsible for conveying these concerns did not do so effectively as many of the requests were not met, at least not when they needed it most. Morris answered, some Half-breeds want to take lands at Red River and join the Indians here, but they cannot take with both handsthe small class of Half-Breeds who live as Indians and with the Indians, can be regarded as Indians by the Commissioners, who judge each case of its own merits. (Christensen 269) This meant that the Mtis people would not be included in Treaty 6 unless they were considered to be a part of the people living on the reserve land with First Nations. They hunted in the same territory and would often hunt and camp together. They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (, Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. [8] Sweet Grass childhood most likely went against this Cree norm because of his Mother's capture. The Government of Canada held Big Bear responsible, convicted him of treason-felony, and sentenced him to three years in Stony Mountain Penitentiary. Approximately 2,000 Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people were there to witness and be a part of this historic event, Chiefs Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis greeted Morris and the Treaty Commissioners on August 15, 1876. This became one of many classic misinterpretations of the Treaty process as viewed in history. Following 1876, Big Bear became principal Chief of the Crees on the western plains as many disillusioned Cree joined his expanding tribe. [26] Similarly, clauses promising farming assistance and reserve schools can be interpreted as a promise to provide general economic assistance for Indigenous businesses and access to modern education. It covered 117 articles, including the establishment of a code of law and form of government between the five nations. A messenger was sent for Sweetgrass, but it is unknown why Big Bear and Little Pine didnt receive the message. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The City of Edmonton acknowledges the traditional land on which we reside, is in Treaty Six Territory. Erasmus and the other two translators translated to the people the terms of the treaty one more time. The ceremony ended with dancing, drums, and singing of the men and women in the background (Christensen 235). If the chief remained silent, the murderer was usually executed by the victim's relatives. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. 3 What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? The meaning of land and the surrender of it was not entirely understood by those who were signing the agreement. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. (Dodson 14). Sweet Grass was one of the Chiefs who was more willing to work with them. The Queens representative, Alexander Morris, dressed in a cocked hat, blue uniform with gold braid and lace, was accompanied by the North West Mounted Police and treaty commissioners William J. Christie and James McKay. On 23 August, the chiefs and commissioners negotiated the terms of the treaty. It is ours and we will take what we want.. For a time there was discussion regarding Erasmus words, but then Sweetgrass stood up to say, Mistawasis and Ahtahkakoop I consider far wiser than I am; therefore if they have accepted this treaty for their people after many days of talk and careful thought, then I am prepared to accept for my people. The other Chiefs agreed with him and they were ready to meet with Morris to accept the Treaty. 1282 101 St, North Battleford, SK S9A 0Z8. By signing an adhesion to a treaty, Indigenous peoples who could not attend or were not initially included in treaty negotiations were able to enter into the terms of that treaty. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (Christensen 270). To cede land (the act of cession) is to give up or surrender the authority to control and own that land. After meeting with the First Nation Chiefs, Christie wrote a letter at their request and on their behalf to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald to state what the leaders were asking for and their concerns. Both of these issues became an extremely important topic discussed in treaty negotiations which Sweet Grass was heavily involved in. [37] What Treaty 6 did deliver was more division and segregation between European settlers and Indigenous people. While it sometimes would go to the eldest son of the previous chief, an incompetent man would not be given the position. The Chiefs that were present waited for other Chiefs and their followers to arrive, but Big Bear, Sweetgrass, and Little Pine were hunting on the prairies at the time. Buffalo hunting and fur trading were a vital part of Cree survival. Treaty 45 and Treaty 72 The SON are signatories to various. Why is there no mention as an important key change the Accou. During this time Lacombe would become familiar with the Cree language and the culture, even writing a Cree dictionary in 1874. What was the European perspective of treaty 6. They disagreed with many aspects of the Treaty as they found that many of the promises did not provide the Cree with enough security for their future. [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. After the ceremony, Morris explained that the government sent him to Fort Carlton to create an agreement with the Cree that would endure as long as that sun shines and yonder river flows. In order to do so, however, he required all of the chiefs and community leaders in the area to be present. [4] His name, Sweet Grass was inspired by an audacious feat that he attempted as a youth. Children typically lived a carefree and adventurous childhood. Our country is getting ruined of fur-bearing animals, hitherto or sole support, and now we are poor and want help we want you to pity us. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow., Negotiating the Terms: Friday August 18, 1876, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. . [25] The lack of trapping territory, along with the decline of the buffalo left the Cree helpless. Trending. They agreed with much of what was being said, however, they wanted to ensure their survival, and that the Great Queen Mother would look after them. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. [47] This would be Sweetgrass's last significant influence on his people, as he would die shortly after signing the Treaty. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (Christensen 148). The First Nations interpreted the loss of the buffalo to be the general famine covered under the famine clause of Treaty 6, and many observers in the North-West agreed. It is ours and we will take what we want. The Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and cheering. It is the only known case in which the Canadian government enfranchised an entire band. Sweet Grass through both policy and action would have a lasting impact on the Plains Cree. [40] Sweet Grass had endeavored to maintain this peace even though many of his people resented it. He attempted to take Sweet Grasss pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death. The Plains Cree were not always the victims of this conflict. "Biography WIKASKOKISEYIN, ABRAHAM Volume X (1871-1880) Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "History from a Different Angle: Narrative Strategies in The Temptations of Big Bear", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Grass_(Cree_chief)&oldid=1091635942, This page was last edited on 5 June 2022, at 12:56. Who negotiated Treaty 6? Interpreter, Peter Erasmus, now employed with the government and travelling with the Treaty party translated the terms of the Treaty signed. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? It was due to both Lacombe's understanding of Cree culture and the growing desperation of the Cree, he would be able to convert many of the Cree to the Roman Catholic faith. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The First Nations knew that treaties were being negotiated to the east of them and wanted to speak with the government about their future (Miller, Ray and Tough 135). [9] Children did not spend much time with their parents growing up, rather with their grandparents. One of the main questions is whether the signatories truly understood the concept of land cession. What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? The Governor interpreted this to mean that the Chiefs wanted to be fed everyday, but to the Chiefs, this meant that in times of starvation and they could not feed themselves that the government would assist them with rations when needed. Why was Treaty 6 so important? What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? The talks then adjourned, and the Indigenous leaders spoke in council for the next two days. The Sweetgrass Nation was settled into the land West of the township Battleford, Saskatchewan in 1884. The treaty contained, with some variations, the standard written clauses of the earlier numbered treaties signed with First Nations: surrender of Indian land rights; provision of assistance in the transition to an agricultural economy; provision of reserves (in Treaty 6 the equivalent of one square mile per family of . What Treaty 6 peoples are close to Edmonton? Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. The total area of the Treaty stretches from western Alberta, through Saskatchewan and into Manitoba; and inlcudes 50 First Nations. When they arrived at the council tent they hoisted the union jack - the flag of Britain. As a result of Big Bears words and stance in opposition to Treaty, the government began to see him as a threat. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [24] However, as European settlers came to the plains, that number dwindled significantly. It was required to distinguish themselves during a war, as a provider, and as a generous giver to gain this position. Morris statement about reserves was immediately met with resistance by Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), a local leader who became a great chief in the 1880s. [1] The exact date and place of his birth is unrecorded. When Canada acquired the lands of the Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) in 1869 (see Ruperts Land), the Plains Indigenous peoples of present-day central Saskatchewan, including the Cree, Ojibweand Assiniboine, became concerned about the federal governments intentions with this land and with the Indigenous peoples who lived on it. Both organizations concluded that the Indigenous signatories believed that they were agreeing to share the land and its resources, rather than to completely surrender it to the federal government. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (, ), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile. ) Many people would leave the reserve due to government policies to limit food rations. Popular. (. Treaty 6 was the biggest piece of legislation between Plains Cree Leaders and the colonial government. 6 was signed on August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan. Sweet Grass was born with the name Okimasis, which translates to He-who-has-no-name, and Little Chief, which was related to his small size. Michael Asch, On Being Here to Stay: Treaties and Aboriginal Rights in Canada (2014). The negotiations began at a traditional camping area the Crees called pehonanik or the waiting place, located a mile and half from the Fort (Stonechild and Waiser 12). Chief Beardy then refused to be part of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and Morris understood this would be a problem to the Treaty process for the Willow Cree(Stonechild and Waiser 11). (Stonechild and Waiser 26), Mista Muskwa (Big Bear) monument on the Poundmaker Cree NationPhoto Credit: Deanne Kasokeo. In the end, Chief Beardy agreed with the terms of the Treaty and signed it. A force of North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was sent to the area to maintain order. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: "Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. In 1860, a member of the Plains Cree had killed a Blackfoot chief, which had sparked a war against them. John A. Macdonald envisioned the west as a grain producing region full of European immigrants (Dodson 17). This would lead high mortality rates within the community. [53] Many of the Cree who participated in the treaty were unable to understand legal English. After explaining the treaty terms, the Duck Lake chiefs and headmen also signed the treaty. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (Stonechild and Waiser 15). Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (Christensen 268). [24] Additionally, as the Hudson's Bay Company moved into the prairies, the fur trade offered an extremely important source of income and goods for the Cree. Sweet Grass during the signing of the treaty was one of the most well-regarded plains Cree chiefs and was given a position of importance during negotiations. Wandering Spirit stayed in power for the duration of the uprising while Big Bear counselled for peace and protecting the white prisoners. [32] Sweet Grass along with three other Chiefs attempted to get ahead of government control by meeting with the representative of the Canadian government in the west Lieutenant Governor Archibald to petition the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) sale of land to the government. In 1870 Sweetgrass allowed himself to be baptized and was given the name Abraham.[28]. [8] Children did not wear much clothing and boys wore nothing until the age of five. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The City of Edmonton and the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations co-hosted the first Treaty No. "Big Bear, Ahtahkakoop, and Mistawasis were the most vocal leaders to stop the developments on their lands. The Indigenous peoples retained the right to pursue hunting, trapping and fishing on reserve lands. to the signing of a treaty had strong cultural and spiritual significance. January 2020Sweetgrass First Nation is pleased to announce our updated website. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. The group would then move to capture Fort Pit. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay & wood and maintained gardens & livestock. [29] Sweet Grass hope to work with the federal government was challenged by other prominent Cree leaders. Recognize Edmonton sits within Treaty No. Big Bear and others seen the presents as traps, something to soften them up before negotiations." Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. [38] The language used to refer to indigenous people who elected to not settle on reserves also did not help ease tensions. Since the signing of Treaty 6 in 1876, there have been disagreements between Indigenous signatories and the federal government, stemming from misunderstandings about the true meaning and intention of the treaty terms. Sweetgrass First Nation -- Web Design by M.R. Schools were to be established on reserves. In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. A chief needed to be an active leader both in peace and war. Included would be a medicine chest kept at the Indian Agents homes for the use of the First Nations but at the discretion of the Indian Agent. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. Signed in 1876, Treaty 6 was the agreement between the government of Canada and the Indigenous people living in parts of modern-day Saskatchewan and Alberta. This made the Plains Cree very nervous and they confronted the surveyors and warned them to stop what they were doing because the government had not met with them to discuss their concerns. Big Bear was adamant in his request to the government to create laws to regulate the hunting of the buffalo. Born about 1825 to the Cree/Ojibwa Chief Black Powder, Big Bear assumed power while still a young man after demonstrating his spiritual power and leadership qualities. (Stonechild and Waiser 26) Living Sky School Division 509 Pioneer Avenue North Battleford, SK S9A 4A5 Canada office@lskysd.ca Indigenous people relinquishing titles and privileges to land. Families had the ability to break away from their current band and join another elsewhere. Big Bear held out on signing an adhesion until 1882. . . Sweet Grass believed that working alongside the government was one of the only solutions to the daily hardship the Cree were faced with. In Morris address he described the governments genuine concern for the welfare of their Indian brothers and sisters and asked them to take his words with much thought and to look to the future, what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow. (Stonechild and Waiser 15). [21], Sweet Grass often worked closely with the fellow Cree chief Big Bear. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. The significance of the ceremony was an invitation to the Creator to witness the proceedings and provide guidance; it also signified that it committed the participants into telling the truth. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. John A. Macdonald had to protect the west from American expansion after they bought Alaska in 1867 (Natural Resources Canada). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Not all Plains Cree would sign the treaty at first, and many would become disillusioned after signing. Mistahimaskwa was frustrated and surprised that the other chiefs had not waited for him to return before concluding the negotiations. Website Development Studio. 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