western leaders perspective on the white man's burden

The White (!) The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. For publication of Global Research articles in print or other forms including commercial internet sites, contact: [emailprotected]. Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain.Journal of Transatlantic Studies,Vol. It was to change the darkest spot in darkest Africa back again into a land flowing with milk and honey that Great Britain took over the tremendous burden of administration from the Niger Company, and sent one of its greatest ' Africans ' (Sir F. D. Lugard) with a small body of earnest men into the 'White Man's Grave. Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. Keppler rendered this as Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices, with Columbia, Britannia, and a geisha-like Japan at the center of the scene. Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. '. Colossal goddess figures and other national symbols were overwritten with the message on their clothing and the flags they carried. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. After Many Years. The phrase White Mans Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. Civilization (to China). Kiplings 3, pp. Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. The scene above turns the tables on theHarpers Weeklycover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. It was written in support of Americas attempt to annex the Philippines. hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. However, these came at a huge price for the people of these regions. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. Twain went along, partly out of concern for his family, and The War Prayer was not published until 1916, six years after his death. Daggett, Aaron Simon. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. All this for politicsis civilization advancing? Victor Gillam,Judge, February 3, 1900. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, its a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont . Includes bibliographical references and index. Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. 13, No. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. And, more subtly yet, it reflected the shift from the nations agrarian roots toward global engagement. Vol. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. Study Resources. This belief was strengthened with literary works such as The White Mans Burden written in 1899 by British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. In addition, the U.S. ignored human rights violations in the use of concentration camps. Newspapers carried pictures of corpses and stories of rape and plunder, notably in the wealthy merchant city of Tongzhou just before troops reached Beijing. 62, Issue 4,pp. The Centre of Research on Globalization grants permission to cross-post Global Research articles on community internet sites as long the source and copyright are acknowledged together with a hyperlink to the original Global Research article. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. As early as mid 1899, for example,Lifecalled attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Esherick, Joseph. Source:Library of Congress. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. 203228. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. China in Convulsion. Source:Library of Congress. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. Revell, 1904). Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). Given the fact that Twain was famous and widely admired for his outspokenness, it is especially disconcerting to learn that he and his close supporters concluded that challenging the mystique of civilization and progress in such stark terms was not feasible given the political and religious fervor of the times. Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. Anti-imperialists condemned this view and felt that it was racist and condescending toward people from other countries. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). Twains most celebrated anti-imperialist essay, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, was published in the February, 1901 issue of theNorth American Review. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising., Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity., Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of the, Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,, Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. In order to fully get along in society, indigenous populations had to assimilate to the colonists culture and many times abandon their own. American ships for American commerce!!. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. Native people in the countries that were being colonized did not agree with imperialist policies. 8, No. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. The two allies had been embroiled in lengthy wars with costly and devastating effects on the populations in Africa and Asia. Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines. A year later,Judgemagazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. (ISSN 1961-9898). Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. The feminine representations of imperial nations pictured here include Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. Written over the battle clouds on the right, the Spanish-American War would have inspired the depiction of Columbia as an emerging military power. In mid 1899,Lifepublished this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. Uncle Sam was portrayed both with youthful energy and as a paternal older figure straining to follow in John Bulls footsteps as he took up the White Mans Burden., After Many Years: The Great Rapprochement. Historical perspective. The world view that Rudyard Kipling and other proponents of colonialism believed in was one in which the white man was the guardian and protector of the planet and its people. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. Tan, Chester C.The Boxer Catastrophe. The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. Contemporary conflicts are spelled out over dark clouds. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. Their diverse identities, however, reflect the global reach and ethnic diversity of the British empireand the extent to which England relied on colonial subjects to fight its imperialist wars. Moral clarity aside, the parallel between America's pursuit of manifest destiny a century ago and its new global sense of mission has a lot to teach us. Kipling is referring to British colonization and the necessity of sending people to those colonized areas Bello, Walden. The weekly magazineJudge, a rival toPuckthat was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Facebook. Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. To criticise or hold under too deep a scrutiny is to be accused of being an agent of a new type of colonialism. China, shown gripping a schoolbook in the doorway, has not yet entered the scene. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. Vaughan, Christopher. As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. www.globalresearch.ca contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. 167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. as early as 2000, in blowback: the costs and consequences of american empire, johnson predicted that the american empire was going to face considerable resistance around the globe in the form of terrorism and social unrest. 4). Expert Help. Silence). In an 1895Puckcartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. In Kiplings often-quoted phrase, this noble mission required willingness to engage in savage wars of peace.. 14-27 (May-June 1999). The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Xiang, Lanxin. It is difficult to grasp how the world turned upside down for the populations of Asia at the end of 1941 and the first three months of 1942, during Japans conquest of Malaya, Singapore, the 77-99 (2011). 202-212 (September 2010). Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. Imperialism was not only economic and political, but also cultural. Get started today before this once in a lifetime opportunity expires. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance. Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. Source:Library of Congress. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). Thus, under the Here lies (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. On February 15, 1898, the battleshipU.S.S. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. They laud substandard leaders because it is how people are ruled in Africa. It was the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, who most starkly posed the question: who is the real barbarian? The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. In the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of robotic, unstoppable American soldiers stomping on foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages. Penguin Press. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like White Man's Burden, East India Company, Opium War and more. Tuffnell, Stephen. The poem The White Mans Burden was written by Rudyard Kipling partly as an appeal for the United States to intervene in the Philippines and transform the islands into Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains.Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. One victim of the UK Blair torture regime Fatima Boudchar was actually pregnant when kidnapped along with her husband for rendition. As the caption indicates, this cover illustration dismisses charges of imperialism that critics directed against American expansion at the turn of the century.Harpers Weekly took pride in billing itself as A Journal of Civilization. The barbarians depicted here are Chinese Boxers who committed atrocities against Christian missionaries. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. Who committed atrocities against civilians on the other hand, informed the public the. We have accomplished in their islands the populations in Africa over China in the doorway, has not entered! 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